Grignard 1924: 548. Used for masculine and feminine objects; the neuter equivalent is urm-iː ~ hurm-iː. Quoted as hurmi ~ horma in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. For the Dima subdialect, this source lists the form ǯǝmɐ 'all' = ǯamaː 'in all; taken all together, in a lump; unitedly, in the same place' [Grignard 1924: 323].
Mahapatra 1987: 87. Glossed as 'belly, bowels' in [Droese 1884: 83]. Additional synonyms: koɕo 'belly' [Mahapatra 1987: 37], glossed as 'the belly, the womb' in [Droese 1884: 54]; ɕawr-du 'abdomen, entrails' [Mahapatra 1987: 48], glossed as ɕawru 'the entrails' in [Droese 1884: 21]; ɖawqe 'abdomen' [Mahapatra 1987: 64; Droese 1884: 31]. Dictionary and textual evidence do not suffice to properly establish the default basic equivalent for the required semantics of 'belly'.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Kurux:koːhaː1
Grignard 1924: 378. Polysemy: 'great, big / haughty, pompous / unusual in degree / long, continued / important, weighty'. Quoted as koha in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52].
Malto:beːɖo2
Mahapatra 1987: 99. Quoted as beɖo 'large, great' in [Droese 1884: 14]. Additional synonym: kaːpe [Mahapatra 1987: 31] (no equivalent in [Droese 1884]).
Grignard 1924: 564. Cf.: nerr ort mukkan parmyaː "a snake bit a woman"; allaː engan parmaː beddaːlagyaː, kaʈikunaː pollaː "the dog very nearly bit me". Secondary synonym: habkaʔaː-naː 'to bite; to bite off' [Grignard 1924: 283] (also said of a snake). Quoted as ɐlːɐ puɾmiya for the Dima subdialect in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 49] (where ɐlːɐ = 'dog' q.v.). For the other subdialects in the same source the default equivalent for 'bite' is listed as čab = čab-naː 'to crush, or tear to pieces, between the molar teeth; to chew, to masticate; to eat at leisure, to nibble' in [Grignard 1924: 116]. Most likely, the basic semantics 'to chew, gnaw' was mistaken here for 'to bite'.
Malto:koh-2
Mahapatra 1987: 39. Past tense stem: ko-ta-. Not attested in [Droese 1884]. Cf. qaːr- 'to bite off, to scrape with teeth' [Mahapatra 1987: 23], quoted as qaːr-e 'to bite off' in [Droese 1884: 86]. Cf. also kalk-e 'to bite off' in [Droese 1884: 49].
Mahapatra 1987: 104. Adjectival derivative from maɽɣ- 'to be black' [Mahapatra 1987: 104]. Quoted as maɽɣ-ro in [Droese 1884: 63]. Cf. also kusli 'black' [Mahapatra 1987: 35], not attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 423. Polysemy: 'blood / consanguinity / anger'. Cf. xẽːs-o 'red' q.v., occasionally functioning in the nominal meaning 'blood' as well. Quoted as xɛ̃šo ~ xɛso ~ xɛs in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]; for the Dima subdialect, this source lists the form lɐhu (= Hindi lahuː, etc.).
Grignard 1924: 426. Quoted as kočʰol ~ xočol in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]. Cf. also muɖɖaː, glossed as 'obsolete word, meaning bone' and said to be preserved only in two compounds (kaɽmaː-muɖɖaː 'back bone' and xeːser-muɖɖaː 'nape of the neck') [Grignard 1924: 496].
Mahapatra 1987: 25. Quoted as qoɕlu in [Droese 1884: 88].
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Kurux:eõːx1
Grignard 1924: 235. Meaning glossed as 'thorax; chest'. Distinct from dudʰiː 'milk; breast (female)' [Grignard 1924: 194].
Malto:buku2
Mahapatra 1987: 97. Meaning glossed as 'chest'. Quoted as buku 'the breast, the bosom' in [Droese 1884: 18]. Distinct from ɕuɕu 'breast, nipple' [Mahapatra 1987: 51]; dudi 'milk, sap, udder, breast' [Mahapatra 1987: 75] = duːde 'milk' [Droese 1884: 30], cf. also dudu 'the paps, the udder' [ibid.] (all of these latter forms borrowed from Hindi).
Grignard 1924: 540. Meaning glossed as 'to set fire to, to ignite; to light a fire, a lamp etc.; to scorch, to brand, to burn superficially'. Formally, this is a causative formation from oːl-naː 'to be on fire, to burn (intr.)' [ibid.]. Quoted as oldo 'to burn' in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 50]. Partial synonyms include dag-naː 'to light, set fire to; to set on fire; to burn (with hot iron)' [Grignard 1924: 170] and bass-naː 'to consume to ashes; to destroy by fire' [Grignard 1924: 65]. It is not easy to determine the most suitable equivalent; for the moment, we choose the only variant that is represented in both sources.
Mahapatra 1987: 26. It is not explicitly stated whether the verb is transitive or intransitive; in [Droese 1884: 89], the verb is listed as qos-e 'to be burnt, to burn'.
Mahapatra 1987: 19. Quoted as orɣu 'the finger nails' in [Droese 1884: 73].
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Kurux:badaːl-iː-1
Gringard 1924: 47. Quoted as badali ~ padali in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 38]. Transparent borrowing from Indo-Aryan (cf. Hindi baːdal, etc.). Different in the Dima subdialect: bǝbɾi [ibid.] (etymology unclear).
Malto:badl-i-1
Mahapatra 1987: 92. Quoted as badel-i in [Droese 1884: 9]. See notes on Kurux for the source of borrowing. Alternate synonym: guɖro 'cloud' [Mahapatra 1987: 43], not attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 375. Verbal stem: 'to be cold / to be chilly / to cool down'. Applied to weather as well as objects, cf. kiːr-naː amm 'cold water'. Quoted as kir-na in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 54]. For the Dima subdialect, the same source lists the form kenɐm (etymology unclear).
Mahapatra 1987: 33; Droese 1884: 54. Meaning in both sources glossed as 'cool, cold'. Cf. also ʈaːre 'cold, freezing' [Mahapatra 1987: 60], not attested in [Droese 1884]. Distinct from panye 'cold (n.)' [Mahapatra 1987: 82].
Mahapatra 1987: 36. Past stem: ke-ɕa-. Cf. also ka-gl- 'to die' [Mahapatra 1987: 27], derived from the same root. Both variants attested as key-e [Droese 1884: 53], ka-gl-e [Droese 1884: 49] in the earlier source.
Mahapatra 1987: 6; Droese 1884: 3. Cf. also kuɕo 'dog' [Mahapatra 1987: 33], also quoted in [Droese 1884: 56] with the meaning 'a dog, a term of abuse'.
Grignard 1924: 544 (for some unexplainable reason, the word lacks its own entry in the dictionary, but is frequently encountered in others, e. g. under the causative entry oːn-taʔaː-naː 'to give a meal; to make drink'). Polysemy: 'to drink / to eat (cooked rice)', as opposed to moːx-naː 'to eat (anything but cooked rice)' q.v. Quoted as on in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 49].
Grignard 1924: 417. Participial form from xaːy-naː 'to lose moisture; to dry up'. Quoted as xay-ka ~ xay-kɛ ~ xaɛ̯-ka in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 54]; for the Dima subdialect, the same source lists the Indo-Aryan borrowing sukʰɐl instead.
Mahapatra 1987: 23. Verbal root: 'to dry'. Quoted as qaːy-e 'to become dry, to wither, to become lean, to fade' in [Droese 1884: 86]. Additionally, cf. bat- 'to dry (intr.)' [Mahapatra 1987: 92], quoted as bat-e, 3rd p. past tense bat-a 'to expose to heat for drying purposes', 3rd p. past tense bat-y-a 'to dry up (as water)' in [Droese 1884: 13].
Mahapatra 1987: 22. Quoted as qaʓu in [Droese 1884: 84]. Polysemy: 'earth / mud'. Cf. qeːql-du 'earth / ground', quoted as qeːqlu 'the earth, the world; land' in [Droese 1884: 87] (same semantic differentiation between the two words as in Kurux).
Grignard 1924: 494. Meaning glossed as 'to eat (anything except cooked rice)' (applied, e. g., to parched rice; curry; meat; chewed tobacco). For the meaning 'to eat (cooked rice)' see under 'drink'. In [Ahmad et al. 2011: 49], only on is listed in the meaning 'to eat'. Although the default equivalent for the semantically neutral 'to consume' in Kurux, judging by textual examples, is clearly oːn-, we still choose moːx- as the primary equivalent here, because contexts like 'eating and drinking' are formed in Kurux out of the opposition between oːn- and moːx-.
Mahapatra 1987: 109. Quoted as moːq-e 'to eat (as meat or fruit)' in [Droese 1884: 65]; distinct from min-e 'to eat (as bread), to graze, to browse, to feed on straw' [Droese 1884: 65].
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Kurux:biː-1
Grignard 1924: 79. Quoted as bi in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 43]. Borrowed from Indo-Aryan; see 'seed' for additional details.
Malto:qer=paːndu1
Mahapatra 1987: 24. The first component = qeːr-du 'fowl, chicken' [Mahapatra 1987: 25]. Not attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 525. Meaning glossed as 'grease, fat, lard'. Quoted as nɛta in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]. For multiple subdialects, the same source also lists the Indo-Aryan (ultimately Iranian) borrowing čarbi ~ čǝɾbi as the equivalent.
Mahapatra 1987: 105. Quoted as miːnu in [Droese 1884: 65]. Cf. also maːk-du 'meat, fish' [Mahapatra 1987: 104].
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Kurux:uɽhyaː-r-naː-1
Grignard 1924: 695. Polysemy: 'to fly off, to fly (of birds) / to fly off (of chaff)' / to lose flavour, to get vapid'. A productive reflexive/passive formation from uɽhyaʔaː-naː 'to raise up, to make or let fly into the wind' [ibid.]. Quoted as uɾia-r in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48]. All of these forms ultimately stem from Indo-Aryan sources (cf. Hindi uɽ- 'to fly', etc.).
Malto:uɽar- ~ uɖiyar--1
Mahapatra 1987: 12, 13. Quoted as uɖyar-e 'to fly, to vanish' in [Droese 1884: 106].
Grignard 1924: 418. Polysemy: 'foot / leg / step'. Quoted as xɛtdɛ in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]. For the Gabindanagar subdialect, this source lists gurxi 'foot' = guɽxiː 'heel' [Grignard 1924: 270].
Grignard 1924: 529. Verbal stem: 'to be filled; to fill by occupying'. Cf. also the transitive equivalent: nind-naː 'to fill' (with short vowel). Quoted as nınd in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 53].
Malto:pura-1
Mahapatra 1987: 87. Also bara-pura id. [Mahapatra 1987: 93]. In [Droese 1884: 83], only the verbal forms are attested: puːra-re 'to be fulfilled', puːra-t-re 'to complete, to fulfil'. Cf. the old etymological equivalent: nind-e 'to fill', nind-ɣr-e 'to be filled' in [Droese 1884: 70].
Mahapatra 1987: 50. Past stem: ɕi-ɕa-. Quoted as ɕiy-e 'to give away' in [Droese 1884: 24]. Cf. also qaʈ- 'to give (to me/us)' [Mahapatra 1987: 22; Droese 1884: 86].
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Kurux:koːɽeː1
Grignard 1924: 381. Polysemy: 'in good health / healed, cured / in happiness, in peace / friendly, kind / honest, correct, fair / civilized'. For semantics, cf.: aːs koɽeːs kaː gandas "is he a good man, or a bad one?" [Grignard 1924: 250]. Quoted as koɾɛ ~ koɾɛm in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 54]. Additionally, cf. bʰalaː 'good, kind; well done; nicely, properly' [Grignard 1924: 102], quoted as bʰalo 'good' in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 54]. This latter word is a transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing.
Malto:moʓa-1
Mahapatra 1987: 109. Probably the same word as maʓa 'pleasant, good' [Droese 1884: 61], borrowed from Hindi. Cf. also neku-te [Mahapatra 1987: 79].
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Kurux:haryaːr-1
Grignard 1924: 290. Quoted as haɾiar in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 55]. Transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing (cf. Marathi hirvaː, Nepali hariyo, etc.).
Grignard 1924: 156. Meaning glossed as 'hair (of man or animal); bristles, mane', with textual examples clearly showing no distinction between "head hair" and "body hair". Quoted as čutːi ~ čuti in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 44].
Droese 1884: 64. Polysemy: 'to hear / to ask' (the meanings 'to be or become / to grow, to be produced' refer to a homonymous root). For some reason, not attested in [Mahapatra 1987].
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Kurux:buk-aː1
Grignard 1924: 98. Secondary synonym: ǯiyaː 'soul / mind / heart, seat of energy' [Grignard 1924: 332].
Grignard 1924: 70. Meaning glossed as 'to lay oneself on the ground, to lie down'. Quoted as bɛɖ-ɽ-o 'to lie down' in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48] (-r- is a productive reflexive verbal suffix). There seems to be no lexical difference between the static 'be lying' or the dynamic 'lie down'; cf., however, the secondary synonym čuːt-naː, glossed in [Grignard 1924: 156] as 'to lie down; to lay oneself down, to go to sleep', and also listed in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48], in the form čut, as the default equivalent for the Dima subdialect. The latter word seems to be more tightly bound to idiomatic expressions, such as 'to lie down on the side, on the stomach, on the back etc.', but this is not entirely certain; further analysis of textual evidence is necessary to figure out the proper semantic distribution.
Malto:koːɖ-2
Mahapatra 1987: 39. Polysemy: 'to lie down / to be'. Quoted as koːɖ-e 'to lie down, to lie with, to lie ill' in [Droese 1884: 54]. No attested distinction between dynamic 'lie down' and static 'lie'.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Kurux:
Not attested.
Malto:ɕeðro1
Mahapatra 1987: 54. Quoted as ɕeθro in [Droese 1884: 22].
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Kurux:digʰaː-1
Grignard 1924: 186. Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Quoted as dıgʰa in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. Transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing (cf. Sanskrit diːrgʰa-, etc.). For the Dima subdialect, the latter source lists lǝmti 'long', borrowed from an alternate source (Indo-Aryan *lamba 'long').
Malto:digɽ-o-1
Mahapatra 1987: 74. Borrowing from the same Indo-Aryan source as in Kurux. Quoted as digaɽ-o 'long, tall' in [Droese 1884: 29]. Cf. also lembɽa 'long' [Mahapatra 1987: 113], not attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 490. Polysemy: 'adult man / lover / husband'. Quoted as mɛt in [Grignard et al. 2011: 45]. According to the same source, the Dima subdialect equivalent for 'man' is kuɾukʰ = kũɽŭx 'Oraon (Kurux)' [Grignard 1924: 393].
Mahapatra 1987: 107; Droese 1884: 67. The word male is also consistently glossed as 'man' [Mahapatra 1987: 104; Droese 1884: 61], but examples show that it is rather applicable to the general meaning of 'person' q.v.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Kurux:baggeː ~ baggiː1
Grignard 1924: 50. Quoted as bǝge in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. Synonym: ɖʰeːr 'much, many; frequently happening, common' [Grignard 1924: 206], quoted as dɛr in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52].
Grignard 1924: 565. Quoted as paɾɛta ~ parta in [Grignard et al. 2011: 38]. For the Dulhapur subdialect, the latter source lists the Indo-Aryan borrowing pahaɽ as the default equivalent.
Malto:pahɽi-1
Mahapatra 1987: 84. Meaning glossed as 'hill'. Quoted as pahaɽe 'a hill, a mountain' in [Droese 1884: 75]. Transparent borrowing from Hindi pahaːɽ id.
Grignard 1924: 52. Polysemy: 'mouth / aperture of a vessel / mouthful'. Quoted as bɐi ~ bai in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 44]. The same source also lists galːɛ as a potential synonym in several dialects; however, this word is listed as galleː 'cheek / mouthful' in [Grignard 1924: 249] and is clearly ineligible for the basic slot 'mouth'.
Mahapatra 1987: 72; Droese 1884: 101. Cf. also aɖulte 'mouth', a form quoted for the Sawriya dialect in [Mahapatra 1987: 2].
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Kurux:naːmeː-1
Grignard 1924: 514. Transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing. Quoted as namɛ ~ nɐm in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 46]. Cf. the verb piɲǯ-naː 'to impose a name, to give an appellation to' [Grignard 1924: 573], reflecting the original Dravidian term for the meaning 'name'.
Malto:naːmi-1
Mahapatra 1987: 78; Droese 1884: 68. Transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing. Cf. the verb piɲʓ- 'to give name' [Mahapatra 1987: 85], reflecting the original Dravidian term for the meaning 'name'.
Grignard 1924: 474. Cf. the corresponding verb: maːx-naː 'to grow dark; to be overtaken by night' [ibid.]. Quoted as maxa ~ mɐxɐb in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 39].
Mahapatra 1987: 104. Quoted as maːqu in [Droese 1884: 62]. Cf. also the Indo-Aryan borrowing raːti 'night' [Mahapatra 1987: 110], not attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 497. Quoted as muhi ~ mũĩ in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 44]. Cf. mũhi 'face' [Grignard 1924: 497], indicating possible contamination of two phonetically and semantically similar items (especially in Ahmad et al.'s notation).
Mahapatra 1987: 107. Listed with polysemy: 'snot, snivel / nose' in [Droese 1884: 68]. Cf. also muɲu 'nose', a form quoted for the Sawriya dialect in [Mahapatra 1987: 106]; it is listed as the default equivalent for 'nose' in [Droese 1884: 67].
Grignard 1924: 474. Emphatic stressed form: malʔaː. All these are auxiliary negative morphemes, formed from the basic verb mal-naː 'not to be' (e. g. eːn kʰristan mal-d-an 'I am not a Christian', etc.) [Grignard 1924: 476].
Mahapatra 1979: 165. This is the basic negative morpheme in the present indicative tense, formed from an original negative verb mal-. Cf. mala 'no, not' [Droese 1884: 61].
Mahapatra 1979: 165. This is the basic negative morpheme for the past and future indicative tenses. Choice of the vowel depends on the following person marker (Mahapatra: "-le- occurs only before the person markers with front vowels and y, -la- occurs elsewhere").
Grignard 1924: 541. Meaning glossed as 'one full, one whole, one entire'. This is the default form of the numeral for inanimate objects. The animate equivalent ('one man or woman' is o-r-ŏt [Grignard 1924: 549]. Quoted as ɔntɐ ~ ond ~ otʰan 'one' in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 51]. According to Grignard's dictionary, the sphere of usage of these words is somewhat limited; for instance, in enumerating the natural series of units the Indo-Aryan borrowing eːk is used instead [Grignard 1924: 216].
Malto:eːke-1
Mahapatra 1987: 16. Quoted as eːk in [Droese 1884: 21]. Transparent borrowing from Indo-Aryan. The old Dravidian numeral, according to Mahapatra's data, is mainly preserved in the function of a nominal classifier: or-tu ~ or-t 'one (classifier for human beings)' [Mahapatra 1987: 19]. Cf. the inherited form or-t 'one' in [Droese 1884: 73] ("adjectively employed"; the borrowed form eːk is quoted as a cardinal number, "used in counting").
Grignard 1924: 15. Polysemy: 'adult male person / husband / friend, companion / servant'. However, textual examples show that the same word may denote an abstract 'person' in general as well. The word itself is derived from the simpler form aːl, whose semantics is glossed as 'adult male, husband, servant etc. (in the abstract); mankind, the human race' [ibid.]. Quoted as al 'person' in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45].
Malto:mal-e2
Mahapatra 1987: 104; Droese 1884: 61.
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Kurux:čẽːp1
Grignard 1924: 135. Quoted as čɛb ~ čɛp ~ čɛ̃p in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 38].
Malto:ʓaɽe2
Mahapatra 1987: 56. Quoted as ʓaɽa in [Droese 1884: 45].
Grignard 1924: 423. Derived from xẽːs 'blood' q.v. It should be noted that in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 55], this word is not quoted; instead, the authors list the Indo-Aryan borrowing lal 'red' for all subdialects of Kurux.
Grignard 1924: 172. Polysemy: 'track, path / road / distance / means / manner of proceeding'. Quoted as dahaɾɛ ~ dǝheɾɛ in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48]. This seems to be a recent replacement of the older word paːb 'road / journey' [Grignard 1924: 552], now mostly used in idiomatic expressions or the figurative sense ('way of the Lord', etc.).
Mahapatra 1987: 85. Quoted as paːθ-e in [Droese 1884: 78]. Additionally, cf. peɖe 'root' [Mahapatra 1987: 88]; bande 'root' [Mahapatra 1987: 92; Droese 1884: 11]; muːli 'root' [Mahapatra 1987: 108; Droese 1884: 66]. Semantic difference between all these words remains unclear; provisionally, we fill the main slot with the only word that has an exact parallel in Kurux and, consequently, represents the optimal candidate for Proto-North Dravidian 'root'.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Kurux:
Not attested.
Malto:goːle-1
Mahapatra 1987: 45. Transparent borrowing from Indo-Aryan (Hindi gol 'round', etc.). Additionally, cf. loɽya 'globular, round' [Mahapatra 1987: 114].
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Kurux:čalkur1
Grignard 1924: 123. Quoted as čalkul ~ čʰɐlkul in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 39]. The same source also lists balu as a dialectal synonym; cf. baliː 'iron-ore (a black ferruginous sand yielding good iron)' [Grignard 1924: 55].
Malto:baːlu-1
Mahapatra 1987: 95. Quoted as baːle in [Droese 1884: 10]. Borrowed from Indo-Aryan (cf. Hindi baːluː 'sand', etc.).
Mahapatra 1987: 61. Quoted as ʈunɖ-e 'to see, to look' in [Droese 1884: 106]. The more archaic equivalent, eːr- 'to see', is only listed for the Sawriya dialect of Malto in [Mahapatra 1987: 8]; quoted as eːr-e 'to see, to behold, to observe' in [Droese 1884: 35].
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Kurux:biː ~ bihn-iː-1
Grignard 1924: 78, 81. Polysemy: 'seed (of plants) / stone (of fruits) / egg / testicles'. Quoted as bihini in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 41], also as biči for the Gabindanagar dialect. All of these forms represent various local borrowings from Indo-Aryan *biǯa 'seed' (Hindi biːǯ, Bengali biǯ, Marathi bĩː, etc.). Additionally, cf. mãɲǯiː 'seed, in gen.' [Grignard 1924: 479]; this is a word of Dravidian origin, but joint evidence of several sources shows that it has most likely lost its basic usage in present day Kurux.
Malto:biːɕi-1
Mahapatra 1987: 97; Droese 1884: 15. See notes on Kurux for the Indo-Aryan origins of this word. In [Droese 1884: 15], the alternate synonym biheni 'seed' is also quoted, reflecting the same borrowed root.
Grignard 1924: 539. Polysemy: 'to sit down, to seat oneself / to hold a session, to be convened / to come to a standstill, deadlock / to remain in position / to agree with, tally together / to reside, live'. Quoted as ok in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48].
Mahapatra 1987: 17. Polysemy: 'to sit / to be situated / to be'. Quoted as ok-e, 3rd p. past tense ok-y-a in [Droese 1884: 72].
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Kurux:čapʈ-aː-1
Grignard 1924: 128. Polysemy: 'skin / hide / leather / leather-string used as amulet'. Quoted as čapta in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]. Most likely borrowed from Indo-Aryan (Bengali čamɾa, etc.) with subsequent phonetic change; the Dima subdialect, according to [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45], still preserves the archaic pronunciation čʰǝmɾi.
Malto:ɕambe1
Mahapatra 1987: 47. Cf. also ɕale 'skin, bark, pell' [Mahapatra 1987: 48]; ɕoglo 'skin, husk, peel' [Mahapatra 1987: 54]. It is not clear which one of these items is the default equivalent for 'human skin'. Cf. ɕame 'the skin' [Droese 1884: 19]; ɕale 'rind, peel' [Droese 1884: 19]; ɕeglo 'the shell (of fruit)' [Droese 1884: 19]. Since only the first of these three words is glossed as 'skin' in [Droese 1884], we provisionally select it as the main equivalent for this meaning in Malto.
Grignard 1924: 406. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to die (fig.) / to be negligent'. The suffix -r- is a standard reflexive morpheme. Quoted as xandɾo ~ kɐndɾɐ in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 49].
Droese 1884: 85 (qand-r-e, 3rd p. past tense qand-r-y-a). For some reason, the word is not attested in [Mahapatra 1987].
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Kurux:sanniː1
Grignard 1924: 614. Polysemy: 'small / young / humble / despondent'. Quoted as šanːi ~ sanːi in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. Cf. also buču 'small, little (of young children only)' [Grignard 1924: 96]. In [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52], cf. also čukːɐ 'small' (Dima subdialect) and čʰotɛ 'small' (several other subdialects); the latter is a transparent Indo-Aryan borrowing (cf. Hindi čʰoʈaː, etc.).
Malto:kudri #-1
Mahapatra 1987: 34. Apparently derived from kudi 'broken pieces of grain', kudru 'broken pieces of sifted grain' [Droese 1884: 56], an Indo-Aryan borrowing. Cf. also several alternate candidates: ɕuɖe 'small, young' [Mahapatra 1987: 52], quoted in the meaning 'the younger' in [Droese 1884: 25]; ʓoko 'small, little' (Sawriya dialect) [Mahapatra 1987: 58], quoted as ʓoka 'little, small, a few' in [Droese 1884: 47]; ʈiɲo 'small, tiny' [Mahapatra 1987: 60], quoted as ʈiɲo ~ ʈiɲɽyo 'short built, dwarfish' in [Droese 1884: 105]; puʈka 'small' [Mahapatra 1987: 86], probably the same word as puʈka 'gooseberry; a kind of small wild berry' in [Droese 1884: 84]. Available textual evidence does not allow to choose a definitive equivalent for the required meaning.
Grignard 1924: 493, 495. Secondary synonym: dʰuŋgyaː [Grignard 1924: 213]. This is the only equivalent for the meaning 'smoke' to be found in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48] as well: duŋga ~ duŋgu ~ dʰuŋgiyɐ id.; it is a rather transparent borrowing from Indo-Aryan (cf. Hindi dʰuãː, etc.). However, most of the textual examples in Grignard's dictionary confirm that moːǯx-aː is the more basic and frequently used variant of the two (or, at least, was that way in the early XXth century).
Grignard 1924: 312. Meaning glossed as 'to be stationary in an upright position; to rise up to one's feet; to stand on end; to cease from progress, to stop, halt, pause; to maintain a fixed or steady attitude'. Quoted as iǯu in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48]. Cf. from the same root, but without morphological fusion: il-d-naː 'to erect, to set up' [Grignard 1924: 313] (causative formation); il-naː 'to get up, to rise to one's feet' [Grignard 1924: 314].
Grignard 1924: 85. Quoted as bink-o in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 38]. In the Dima subdialect, the word tɛrgɐn is also attested in the meaning 'star' [ibid.]; this is an Indo-Aryan borrowing (cf. Bengali tara, tarka).
Mahapatra 1987: 97. Quoted as biːnɖk-e in [Droese 1884: 16].
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Kurux:pakʰn-aː1
Grignard 1924: 559. Quoted as pakʰna ~ pakʰɛna in [Grignard et al. 2011: 39]. Secondary synonym: čaːčaː 'stone, pebble, rock' [Grignard 1924: 116]. Difference between the two words is not clear, but pakʰnaː is encountered far more frequently in textual examples (including contexts that deal with throwing stones, etc.), so the other term must be more specific, perhaps generally referring to a 'large boulder' or 'work-stone' (inconclusive).
Malto:ɕapɽi2
Mahapatra 1987: 44. Cf. also goga 'large stone' [Mahapatra 1987: 44]. In [Droese 1884: 18], only the form ɕaːɕ-e 'stone' is attested, but it is not listed in [Mahapatra 1987] at all; it may be suspected that, just as in Kurukh, the old word for 'stone' is gradually being or has already been completely replaced in Malto by a more recent equivalent.
Grignard 1924: 304. Deictic adjective, indicating an object that is intermediate between the speaker and the listener. Cf. the nominal paradigm: huː-s 'that man', huː-r ~ hu-bɽar 'those persons', huː-d 'this woman or thing', hu-bɽaː 'these things'. Not attested in [Ahmad et al. 2011].
Grignard 1924: 235. Meaning glossed as 'numeral adj., commonly used only with names of animals and things; two'. The corresponding equivalent for animate objects (people) is ir-b [Grignard 1924: 317]; both forms historically contain the same root (*ir-) but are formally suppletive on the synchronic level. It should be noted that in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52], the only equivalent for the meaning 'two' is the Indo-Aryan borrowing dwi ~ du, also listed in [Grignard 1924: 195] as duː ~ duiː. As in the case with 'one', it looks like the original Dravidian numeral is being gradually replaced in Kurux by its Indo-Aryan equivalent. However, at least in Grignard's time, as can be seen from the textual examples, the process was far from being complete, and it seems methodologically correct to include the original terms in the main slot.
Malto:duːye-1
Mahapatra 1987: 75. Transparent borrowing from Indo-Aryan. The old Dravidian numeral, according to Mahapatra's data, is mainly preserved in bound functions: e. g. ir-wer 'two persons, classifier for human beings' [Mahapatra 1987: 10]. In [Droese 1884: 18, 21], a similar distinction is drawn between the inherited "adjectively employed" form iwr and the borrowed "cardinal used in counting" duː.
Grignard 1924: 358. The root has a quasi-suppletive structure: cf. past stem ker-as, future stem kaːl-os ~ kaː-os, imperative kal-aː, gerund kaːl-aː). Quoted as kal ~ gǝl in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 48].
Mahapatra 1987: 16. Quoted as eːk-e 'to go, to move' in [Droese 1884: 33]. The verb kaːl- 'to go, to come to' is listed for the Sawriya dialect [Mahapatra 1987: 32]; however, in [Droese 1884: 49] kaːl-e is simply listed with the meaning 'to go, to come to' (no past tense).
Grignard 1924: 394. Verbal stem: 'to grow warm, to become hot, to be heated'; cf. kuɽnaː amm 'hot water'. Apparently, no principal lexical difference between 'warm' and 'hot'.
Grignard 1924: 230. Used both in adjectival and nominal functions. Quoted as ɛndɾ-a in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 55] = endr-aː (an expanded, possibly emphatic, form of the same pronoun) in [Grignard 1924: 231]. For the Dima subdialect, Ahmad et al. list nekɐi̯ as the proper equivalent for 'what?'; this seems to be the same form as neː-kkay ~ neː-xay, the genitive form of 'who?', i. e. 'whose?', in [Grignard 1924: 521], and there is sufficient reason to suggest an error in the records.
Mahapatra 1979: 79. Quoted as indru in [Droese 1884: 34].
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Kurux:paɳɖruː-1
Grignard 1924: 561. Quoted as pandɾu in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 55]. Borrowed from Indo-Aryan (cf. Marathi paːɳɖu 'white', etc.). For the Dima subdialect, Ahmad et al. quote the form sɐdɐ 'white' < Bengali šada id.
Malto:ʓinp-ro1
Mahapatra 1987: 57. Adjectival derivative from ʓinp- 'to be white, to glitter' [ibid.]. Quoted as ʓinp-e 'to be clear, to be bright, to be white', ʓinp-ro 'bright, white' in [Droese 1884: 46]. Cf. also dud-li 'white' [Mahapatra 1987: 75]; bog-li 'white' [Mahapatra 1987: 100]; neither of the two words is attested in [Droese 1884].
Grignard 1924: 521. Used as interrogative 'who?' or relative 'who'. Quoted as nɛ in [Ahmad et al. 56: 2011]. For the Dima subdialect, this latter source lists the form is = iːs 'he, she, it' in [Grignard 1924: 319]; this looks like a mistake, unless this demonstrative pronoun has actually acquired interrogative functions in this particular subdialect.
Mahapatra 1979: 79. Oblique stem: ne-k ~ ne-kki. Alternate synonym: ike 'who? which?' [ibid.]; according to Mahapatra, the latter pronoun tends to be replacing the former. Quoted as neː-reh (masc.), neː-θ ~ neː-riθ (fem.) 'who?' in [Droese 1884: 70].
Grignard 1924: 498. Polysemy: 'woman / marriageable girl / wife'. Quoted as mukːɐ ~ mukːa in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 45]. According to the same source, the Dima subdialect equivalent for the meaning 'woman' is ɐlːi = aːliː 'woman, esp. when grown to adult years; wife' [Grignard 1924: 16]. Textual examples from Grignard's dictionary show, however, that the basic opposition 'man : woman' in Kurux is regularly expressed as aːl vs. mukkaː.
Grignard 1924: 550. Polysemy: 'burden / heavy / difficult / important, decisive'. Quoted as otʰːa in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. For the Dima subdialect, the latter source lists an alternate form: oǯǯẽ (etymology unclear).
Grignard 1924: 579. Meaning glossed as 'short, not tall'; applied, however, to "ropes" as well as "people".
Malto:aːpɽ-e #2
Mahapatra 1987: 8. Meaning glossed as 'short, less, young, little'. Only listed, however, in the meaning 'small, little' in [Droese 1884: 5]. Additionally, cf. also ɕaːpo 'low, short' [Mahapatra 1987: 49] (= ɕaːpo 'small of stature' in [Droese 1884: 20]); toqɽo 'short, near' [Mahapatra 1987: 71] (= toq-ro 'broken or ending' in [Droese 1884: 101]). Dubious.
Grignard 1924: 525. Quoted as nɛrɛ ~ nɛr in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 42].
Malto:boɖa2
Mahapatra 1987: 101. Glossed as boɖa 'a snake of the larger kind' in [Droese 1884: 17]. The word neru 'snake' is listed only for the Sawriya dialect [Mahapatra 1987: 79]; it is quoted as neru 'a snake' in [Droese 1884: 70].
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Kurux:saruw-aː-1
Grignard 1924: 618. Polysemy: 'thin / narrow / shrill'. Quoted as saɾuha ~ šaɾua ~ šaɾuɛ in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 52]. Borrowed from Bengali (šɔru 'narrow').
Malto:pat-li1
Mahapatra 1987: 82. Cf. also mehi 'fine, thin' [Mahapatra 1987: 108], quoted as mehiŋ 'fine, thin' in [Droese 1884: 64] (borrowed from Hindi).
Grignard 1924: 459. Meaning glossed as 'any worm of lengthened form; earth-worm, intestinal parasite, etc.'. Distinct from počgoː 'any small worm, caterpillar or fleshy larve, esp. of beetle' [Grignard 1924: 575].
Malto:lenɖ-e1
Mahapatra 1987: 113; Droese 1884: 60. Meaning glossed as 'earthworm' in both sources. Distinct from poka 'worm, bug' [Mahapatra 1987: 88] and pocr-du 'worm, caterpillar' [Mahapatra 1987: 89], quoted as poɕru id. in [Droese 1884: 81].
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Kurux:čaːn1
Grignard 1924: 124. Secondary synonym: baččʰar id. [Grignard 1924: 46]. The form čaːn, as can be seen from numerous textual attestations, is more frequent (and "basic") than baččʰar. However, in [Ahmad et al. 2011: 39], only baččʰar is listed for most of the sub-dialects; additionally, sɐl 'year' is listed for the Dima sub-dialect. Both baččʰar and sɐl are transparent borrowings (the former from Indo-Aryan, the second ultimately from an Iranian source); the etymology of čaːn is not clear.
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